3. Functions of Conducting Zone a) Transports air to the lungs b) Warms, humidifies, filters, and cleans the air 1. Mucus traps small particles, and cilia move it away from the lungs. C) Voice production in the larynx as air passes over the vocal folds. C. Thoracic Cavity 1. Contains the heart, trachea, esophagus, and thymus within the central mediastinum 2. The lungs fill the rest of the cavity. C) The parietal and visceral pleura are normally pushed together, with a potential space between called the intrapleural space. 3. The diaphragm is a dome-shaped skeletal muscle of respiration that separates the thoracic and abdominal cavities. Physical Aspects of Ventilation a. Introduction 1. Air moves from higher to lower pressure. 2. Pressure differences between the two ends of the conducting zone occur due to changing lung volumes.

• Study Guide Biology Final Exam Spring 2017 Fashion

3. Compliance, elasticity, and surface tension are important physical properties of the lungs. B. Intrapulmonary and Intrapleural Pressures 1. Types of pressure: I: atmospheric- pressure of air outside the body. Ii: Intrapulmonary or intralveolar pressure: pressure in the lungs Iii:Intrapleural pressure: pressure within the intrepleular space (between parietal and visceral pleura); contains a thin layer of fluid to serve as lube. 2. Pressures Differences When Breathing I: Inspiration (inhalation):intrapulmonary pressure is lower than atmospheric pressure.

3. Intrapleural Pressure i. Lower than intrapulmonary and atmospheric pressure in both inspiration and expiration ii. The difference between intrapulmonary and intrapleural pressure is called the transpulmonary pressure. Keeps the lungs against the thoracic wall and allows the lungs to expand during inspiration. 4. Boyle’s Law- states that the pressure of a gas is inversely proportional to its volume.

Study Guide Biology Final Exam Spring 2017 Fashion

Biology Flashcards - 185 cards; 1st Semester Biology Final - 80 cards. 2nd Semester Final Review - 81 cards; 2nd semester final review (2017) - 80 cards; (2) THE. 9th Grade Final - 42 cards; a and p exam 1 renal system book notes - 34 cards. BIO CHAPTER 3 VOCAB - 17 cards; A & P Biol 224 Exam # 3 Spring. SPR 2017 BIOLOGY 1308 FINAL EXAM STUDY GUIDE.docx — application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.wordprocessingml.document, 225 KB (230961. Architectural Case Studies. Tuesday, May 8 11:30-2:30. Spring 2018 Final Exam Schedule. Thursday, May 10 11:30-2:30. BIOL 4100/6100. Nuclear Reactor Material. Wednesday, May 9 3-6. INTRO DIFF EQUATIONS. Wednesday, May 9 3-6. West Hall Aud.

A) An increase in lung volume during inspiration decreases intrapulmonary pressure to subatmospheric levels - Air goes in. B) A decrease in lung volume during expiration increases intrapulmonary pressure above atmospheric levels - Air goes out. D. Physical Properties of the Lungs 1. Lung Compliance a) Lungs can expand when stretched.

B) Defined as the change in lung volume per change in transpulmonary pressure: c) ΔV/ΔP d) The ease with which the lungs expand under pressure e) Reduced by factors that produce a resistance to distention such as the infiltration of connective tissue proteins in pulmonary fibrosis 2. Elasticity a) Lungs return to initial size after being stretched (recoil) b) Lungs have lots of elastin fibers. C) Because the lungs are stuck to the thoracic wall, they are always under elastic tension. D) Tension increases during inspiration and is reduced by elastic recoil during expiration. A) Resists distension b) Exerted by fluid excreted on the aveoli.

C) Fluid is absorbed by active transport of Na + and secreted by active transport of Cl - d) Raises the pressure of the alveolar air as it acts to collapse the alveolus e) People with cystic fibrosis have a genetic defect that causes an imbalance of fluid absorption and secretion f) Law of Laplace: 1) Pressure is directly proportional to surface tension and inversely proportional to radius of alveolus. 2) Small alveoli would be at greater risk of collapse without surfactant.

Sexual reproduction is when the genetic material from two individuals is combined to form a new being (zygote). Egg + Sperm = Zygote This fusion of gametes (sex cells) is called fertilization. Asexual reproduction is the process of reproduction involving a single parent that results in offspring that are genetically identical to the parent. Asexual reproduction is the primary form of reproduction for single-celled organism as the archaea, bacteria, and protists. Many plants and fungi reproduce asexually as well. During prophase, the genetic material inside the nucleus condenses and the duplicated chromosomes become visible. Outside the nucleus, a spindle starts to form.

During metaphase, the centromeres of the duplicated chromosomes line up across the center of the cell. Spindle fibers connect the centromere of each chromosome to the two poles of the spindle. During anaphase, the chromosomes separate and move along spindle fibers to opposite ends of the cell. During telophase, the chromosomes, which were distinct and condensed, begin to spread out into a tangle of chromatin. In animal cells, the cell membrane is drawn inward until the cytoplasm is pinched into two nearly equal parts. Each part contains its own nucleus and cytoplasmic organelles. In plant cells the cell membrane is not flexible enough to draw inward because of the rigid cell wall that surrounds it.

Instead, a structure known as the cell plate forms halfway between the divided nuclei. The cell plate gradually develops into cell membranes that separate the two daughter cells. A cell wall then forms between the two new membranes, completing the process. Benign - During the early stages of cancer, tumors are typically benign and remain confined within the normal boundaries of a tissue. Malignant - As tumors grow and become malignant, however, they gain the ability to break through these boundaries and invade adjoining tissues. Metastasis - — literally meaning 'new place' — In this stage, cancerous cells enter the bloodstream or the lymphatic system and travel to a new location in the body, where they begin to divide and lay the foundation for secondary tumors.

Carcinogens - A substance capable of causing cancer in living tissue. Prophase 1 - each replicated chromosome pairs with its corresponding homologous chromosome. First part of meiosis. Metaphase 1 - paired homologous chromosomes line up across the center of the cell. Second part of meiosis.

Anaphase 1 - During anaphase 1, spindle fibers pull each homologous chromosome pair toward opposite ends of the cell. Third part of meiosis. Telophase 1 - In which a nuclear membrane forms around each cluster of chromosomes. Fourth part of meiosis. As the cells enter Prophase 2, their chromosomes- each consisting of two chromatids- become visible.Metaphase II, Anaphase II, Telophase II, and Cytokinesis The final four stages of meiosis II are similar to those in meiosis 1. However, the result is four haploid daughter cells.

In mitosis, when the two sets of genetic material separate, each daughter cell receives one complete set of chromosomes. In meiosis, homologous chromosomes line up and then move to separate daughter cells. Mitosis does not normally change the chromosome number of the original cell. This is not the case for meiosis, which reduces the chromosome number by half. Mitosis results in the production of two genetically identical diploid cells, whereas meiosis produces four genetically identical diploid cells. A technique used for separating nucleic acids or proteins on the basis of their size and electrical charge, both of which affect their rate of movement through an electrical field in a gel. The gel is made up of a polymer such as agarose.

Each sample, a mixture of DNA molecules, is placed in a separate well near one end of the agarose gel. The gel is set into a small plastic support and emerged in an aqueous, buffered solution in a tray with electrodes at each end, one positive (red) and the other negative (black). When the current is turned on, the DNA moves from the negative electrode to the positive electrode. Longer fragments move slower than shorter molecules. Used in DNA fingerprinting.

Little pieces of DNA get through faster than larger DNA. Populations of organisms produce more young than can survive. Individuals within a population have different traits. There is a struggle to survive.

Competition for food, water, space etc. Those that are 'fittest' survive and reproduce more. Fitness in this context means most able to survive and reproduce. These survivors pass on their adaptations to their offspring.

These traits (adaptations) become more common. The traits that aren't well suited become less common as those individuals don't reproduce as much. Sexual Reproduction - recombines genes in new ways. Mutation - a sudden change in the genetic material (DNA) of an organism. Physical Forces, with climate (temperature shifts) being one of the most important aspects of the physical environment. Geologic forces have also affected life on earth, building mountains and even moving whole continents. Building mountains, opening coastlines, changing climates, and geological forces have altered habitats of living organisms repeatedly throughout Earth history.

Over the long term, the process of continental drift has produced even more dramatic changes in Earth's biological landscape. The presence of fossils spanning continents explains these movements as the result of solid 'plates' moving slowly over Earth's mantle. Biological Forces plays a major role in shaping the environment. The first photosynthetic organisms began absorbing carbon dioxide and releasing large amounts of oxygen.

The actions of living organisms over time have changed conditions in the land, water, and atmosphere of planet Earth. Reproductive Isolation- Separation of a species or population so that they no longer interbreed and evolve into two separate species.

Behavioral Isolation- Form of reproductive isolation in which two populations develop differences in courtship rituals or other behaviors that prevent them from breeding. Geographic Isolation- Form of reproductive isolation in which two populations are separated by geographic barriers such as rivers, mountains, or bodies of water, leading to the formation of two separate species. Temporal Isolation- Form of reproductive isolation in which two or more species reproduces at different times. Reproductive isolation results in the development of a new species because genes are not being exchanged. Geographic Isolation - A physical barrier of some sort. (Water, mountains, islands, canyons) Behavioral Isolation - Different courtship behaviors, for example.

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Temporal Isolation - Timing of reproduction. In isolation from each other, they will continue to evolve. If they evolve differently, and become different enough that they are no longer be able to interbreed (even if the isolating factor is removed). A new species has developed! Almost all homeostatic control mechanisms are negative feedback mechanisms.

These mechanisms change the variable back to its original state or 'ideal value'. A good example of a negative feedback mechanism is a home thermostat (heating system). The thermostat contains the receptor (thermometer) and control center. If the heating system is set at 70 degrees Fahrenheit, the heat (effector) is turned on if the temperature drops below 70 degrees Fahrenheit. After the heater heats the house to 70 degrees Fahrenheit, it shuts off effectively maintaining the ideal temperature. The control of blood sugar (glucose) by insulin is another good example of a negative feedback mechanism.

When blood sugar rises, receptors in the body sense a change. In turn, the control center (pancreas) secretes insulin into the blood effectively lowering blood sugar levels. Once blood sugar levels reach homeostasis, the pancreas stops releasing insulin.